A new method and simple, yet accurate, equations for determining the tenacity of particle attachment and the particle size limit in flotation were developed by applying the force analysis of the gravity-capillarity coupling phenomena controlling the bubble-particle stability and detachment. Approximate solutions to the Young-Laplace equation were used to develop simple equations for the tenacity of attachment of particles with diameter up to 20 mm. Simple equations for the maximum size of floatable particles were derived as explicit functions of the particle contact angle, the surface tension, the particle density and the mean centrifugal acceleration of turbulent eddies. For the typical particle size and contact angle encountered in flotation, the analysis showed that the bubble size has little effect on the tenacity of particle attachment. The prediction for the largest size of floatable particles is compared with the experimental data and signifies influence of turbulence on the particle detachment. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.