Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, Vol.42, No.2, 41-49, 2003
Investigation of the VAPEX process using CT scanning and numerical simulation
The "VAPEX" process, a solvent analogue of Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage, has attracted considerable attention as a recovery method for heavy oil. However, to date, there are still many questions about the nature and magnitude of basic process mechanisms, and whether the process can produce economic oil rates. The experiments discussed in this paper were aimed at quantifying some of the basic mechanisms, in particular the dispersive mixing mechanism. we performed a series of top-down solvent injection experiments under varying conditions, utilizing a CT scanner to monitor fluid movements. All of the the displacements we have observed are gravity unstable in the early stages, and characterized by viscous fingering of the solvent into the 5,500 cP oil. After solvent breakthrough, the displacements become stable, dominated by a single solvent finger which has many of the features of a VAPEX solvent chamber. The "mixing parameter " we infer for these experiments using the Butler/Mokrys analytic model is higher than that reported for Hele-Shaw VAPEX experiments. An analysis of localised fluid velocities in the experiments using numerical simulation shows that the enhanced mixing parameter can be understood as a consequence of convective dispersion in the porous medium. By adjusting the amount of physical dispersion, the simulations can match breakthrough time, post-breakthrough oil rates, and the general character of the fingering. A novel type of "quasi pore scale" simulation grid appears to provide advantages in simulating the unstable period at the beginning of the displacements.