Specific features of the composition of oils and bitumens from deposits of the sedimentary cover and basement rocks of the Bavlinskaya area were revealed using liquid adsorption separation, gas chromatography, and chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Hydrocarbon fluids were differentiated in terms of the molecular composition of their biomarkers. Basement bitumens were shown to be organic in nature, as were oils and bitumens from the sedimentary strata. A genetic similarity between bitumens from the basement and Riphean-Vendian deposits, as well as a similarity between bitumens and oil from the Givetian deposits of the Middle Devonian age, was established. Conclusions were drawn about the geochemical types of the fluids in this area and about their probable sources.