Process Safety and Environmental Protection, Vol.79, No.B5, 278-282, 2001
Limitations of nickel hypophosphite electroless nickel processes
The effects of replenishment chemistry during electroless nickel deposition on solution volumes are investigated. Purging electroless nickel solutions is necessary to maintain a low concentration of orthophosphite ions in solution. Electroless nickel solutions that operate at high bath loadings require large volumes of nickel solution to maintain a constant concentration of nickel ions in solution. The low solubility of nickel in hypophosphorous acid dictates the high replenishment volume of the nickel solution. However, it is shown that the purge rate is too low compared to the replenishment feed rate particularly when high bath loadings are necessary in solution.