The crystallization behavior and crystalline structure of poly(vinylidene fluororide) (PVDF) in the presence of graphene oxide (GO) platelets were investigated using time-resolved Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), as well as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It is shown that GO platelets induce the formation of gamma phase when crystallizing from solution, but only alpha phase forms from melt crystallization. The crystallization kinetics of alpha phase is promoted due to heterogeneous nucleation ability of GO, which is probably originated from a weak,pi-dipole interaction between GO and PVDF. Intriguingly, after introduction of strong ion dipole interactions between GO and PVDF by addition of an ionic surfactant (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB), a significant amount of gamma crystals are obtained during isothermal melt crystallization. Time-resolved FTIR results further provide a detailed evolution of the gamma phase formation, and there are two distinct stages during the melt crystallization in the PVDF/GO composites in the presence of CTAB, i.e., a simultaneous growth of gamma and alpha phases in the first stage, and a solid alpha to gamma transition in the second stage. These results may provide a facile routine to manipulate the crystalline structure in PVDF/GO composites, and thus to gain desirable properties.