Physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of polypropylene composites filled with walnut shell flour

Nadir Ayrilmis; Alperen Kaymakci; Ferhat Ozdemir

Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol.19, No.3, 908-914, May, 2013

DOI10.1016/j.jiec.2012.11.006 Export Citation

Physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of polypropylene composites filled with walnut shell flour

Nadir Ayrilmis^†, Alperen Kaymakci, and Ferhat Ozdemir¹

Department of Wood Mechanics and Technology, Forestry Faculty, Istanbul University, Bahcekoy, Sariyer, 34473 Istanbul, Turkey
¹Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Forestry Faculty, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, 46100 Kahramanmaras, Turkey

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Injection molded specimens were prepared from the walnut shell flour and polypropylene with and without maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene at 40, 50, and 60% (weight) contents of the walnut shell. The bending and tensile modulus of the composites significantly increased with increasing the filler content while the bending and tensile strengths significantly decreased. Water absorption and thickness swelling of the composites increased with increasing filler content. The MAPP improved the interfacial adhesion between walnut shell flour and polymer matrix. A 40/57/3 formulation of the walnut shell flour/polypropylene/MAPP can be used in outdoor applications requiring a high dimensional stability.

Keywords:Lignocellulosic filler;Maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene;Mechanical properties;Physical properties;Polypropylene;Walnut shell

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Demirbas A, Energy Sources, 27(8), 761 (2005)
Chen Y, Cheng X, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Remote Sensing Environment and Transportation Engineering (RSETE), Nanjing, 8446 (2011)
ASTM International, Standard Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing, ASTM D618, West Conshohocken, PA (2008)
ASTM International, Standard Test Method for Water Absorption of Plastics, ASTM D570, West Conshohocken, PA (2010)
ASTM International, Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials, ASTM D790, West Conshohocken, PA (2010)
ASTM International, Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics, ASTM D638, West Conshohocken, PA (2010)
ASTM International, Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry, ASTM D3418-08, West Conshohocken, PA (2008)
Joseph PV, Joseph K, Thomas S, Pillai CKS, Prasad VS, Groeninckx G, Sarkissova M, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing., 34, 253 (2003)
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Ashori A, Nourbakhsh A, Bioresour. Technol., 101(7), 2515 (2010)
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Sheshmani S, Ashori A, Farhani F, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 123(3), 1563 (2012)
Kim JW, Harper DP, Taylor AM, Wood Fiber Science., 41, 279 (2009)
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[Referenced By]

[1] Bledzki AK, Gassan K, Progress in Polymer Science., 24, 221 (1999)

[2] Pirayesh H, Khazaeian A, Tabarsa T, Composites Part B., 43, 3276 (2012)

[3] FAOSTAT data, http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/ (accessed 03.08.2012).

[4] Kulkarni MC, Characterization of light weight composite proppants, MSc Thesis, Texas A&M University, 115 (2008)

[5] Demirbas A, Energy Sources, 27(8), 761 (2005)

[6] Chen Y, Cheng X, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Remote Sensing Environment and Transportation Engineering (RSETE), Nanjing, 8446 (2011)

[7] ASTM International, Standard Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing, ASTM D618, West Conshohocken, PA (2008)

[8] ASTM International, Standard Test Method for Water Absorption of Plastics, ASTM D570, West Conshohocken, PA (2010)

[9] ASTM International, Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials, ASTM D790, West Conshohocken, PA (2010)

[10] ASTM International, Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics, ASTM D638, West Conshohocken, PA (2010)

[11] ASTM International, Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry, ASTM D3418-08, West Conshohocken, PA (2008)

[12] Joseph PV, Joseph K, Thomas S, Pillai CKS, Prasad VS, Groeninckx G, Sarkissova M, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing., 34, 253 (2003)

[13] TAPPI Test Methods, Tappi Press, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (1998)

[14] Wise EL, Karl HL, in: Earl CL (Ed.), Cellulose and Hemicelluloses in Pulp and Paper Science and Technology. Vol. 1: Pulp, McGraw Hill-Book Co., New York (1962)

[15] Browning BL, Methods of Wood Chemistry, vol. 2, Interscience/Wiley, New York (1967)

[16] Tajvidi M, Najafi SK, Moteei N, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 99(5), 2199 (2006)

[17] San HP, Nee LA, Meng HC, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences., 3(5), 13 (2008)

[18] Adhikary KB, Development of wood flour recycled polymer composite panels as building materials, PhD Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zeland, 229 (2008)

[19] Bhaskar J, Haq S, Pandey AK, Srivastava N, Journal of Materials and Environmental Sciences., 3(3), 605 (2012)

[20] Horvath AL, Journal of Physical Chemistry., 35, 77 (2006)

[21] Pettersen RC, in: Rowell R (Ed.), The Chemistry of Solid Wood, Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, DC (1984)

[22] Gwon JG, Lee SY, Chun SJ, Doh GH, Kim JH, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing., 41, 1491 (2010)

[23] Ashori A, Nourbakhsh A, Bioresour. Technol., 101(7), 2515 (2010)

[24] Shebani A, Reenen AV, Meincken M, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites., 31, 225 (2012)

[25] Sheshmani S, Ashori A, Farhani F, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 123(3), 1563 (2012)

[26] Kim JW, Harper DP, Taylor AM, Wood Fiber Science., 41, 279 (2009)

[27] Stokke DD, Gardner DJ, Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology., 9, 96 (2003)

[28] Mohanty A, Misra M, Drzal LT (Eds.), Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites, CRS Press/Taylor and Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton (2005)

[29] Ayrilmis N, Buyuksari U, J. Mater. Sci., 45(5), 1336 (2010)

[30] Ayrilmis N, Buyuksari U, Dundar T, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 117(4), 2324 (2010)

[31] Ashori A, Nourbakhsh A, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 111(5), 2616 (2009)

[32] Hong CK, Hwang I, Kim N, Park DH, Hwang BS, Nah C, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 14(1), 71 (2008)

[33] Maldas D, Kokta BV, Daneaukt C, Journal of Applied Polymer Science., 38, 413 (1989)

[34] Simonson J, Rials TG, Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials., 9, 292 (1999)

[35] Lee SY, Kang IA, Doh GH, Kim WJ, Kim JS, Yoon HG, Wu Q, eXPRESS Polymer Letters., 2, 78 (2008)

[36] Felix JM, Gatenholm P, Journal of Applied Polymer Science., 42, 609 (1991)

[37] Mengeloglu F, Karakus K, Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry., 32, 537 (2008)

[38] Mengeloglu F, Karakus K, Sensors., 8, 500 (2008)

[39] Kord B, World Applied Sciences Journal., 13, 171 (2011)