Ca2+/cation antiporters catalyze the exchange of Ca2+ with various cations across biological membranes to regulate cytosolic calcium levels. The recently reported structure of a prokaryotic Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX_Mj) revealed its overall architecture in an outward-facing state. Here, we report the crystal structure of a H+/Ca2+ exchanger from Archaeoglobus fulgidus (CAX_Af) in the two representatives of the inward-facing conformation at 2.3 angstrom resolution. The structures suggested Ca2+ or H+ binds to the cation-binding site mutually exclusively. Structural comparison of CAX_Af with NCX_Mj revealed that the first and sixth transmembrane helices alternately create hydrophilic cavities on the intra-and extracellular sides. The structures and functional analyses provide insight into the mechanism of how the inward- to outward-facing state transition is triggered by the Ca2+ and H+ binding.