Diamond is a unique semiconductor for the fabrication of electronic and opto-electronic devices because of its exceptional physical and chemical properties. However, a serious obstacle to the realization of diamond-based devices is the lack of n-type diamond with satisfactory electrical properties. Here we show that high-conductivity n-type diamond can be achieved by deuteration of particularly selected homo-epitaxially grown (100) boron-doped diamond layers. Deuterium diffusion through the entire boron-doped layer leads to the passivation of the boron acceptors and to the conversion from highly p-type to n-type conductivity due to the formation of shallow donors with ionization energy of 0.23 eV. Electrical conductivities as high as 2 Omega(-1) cm(-1) with electron mobilities of the order of a few hundred cm(2) V-1 s(-1) are measured at 300 K for samples with electron concentrations of several 10(16) cm(-3). The formation and break-up of deuterium-related complexes, due to some excess deuterium in the deuterated layer, seem to be responsible for the reversible p- to n-type conversion. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time such an effect has been observed in an elemental semiconductor.