Samples of two high-aluminum coals and an associated fly ash were collected from a coal-fired power plant and a coalfield in Inner Mongolia, China. The mineralogy and physicochemical characteristics of low-temperature ash (LTA), high-temperature ash (HTA), and fly ash from those coals were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and field scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FSEM-EDX). The transformation of typical aluminum-bearing minerals at high temperature was investigated by systematic drop tube furnace (DTF) experiments and thermogravimetric analysis. The results show that the aluminum-bearing minerals in the high-Al coal are mainly boehmite and kaolinite. High temperature treatment transforms the aluminum-rich minerals to gamma alumina (gamma-Al2O3). corundum (alpha-Al2O3), and an amorphous phase. gamma-Al2O3 is the main mineral in the HTA (17.4 wt.%). while alpha-Al2O3 and mullite are the main minerals in the fly ash. The high-aluminum fly ash particles are irregular and their shapes are related to their compositions. The degree of irregularity of the high-aluminum fly ash particles is proportional to their aluminum content. The phase transformation of boehmite in the coal during high temperature treatment appears to have involved four stages including: boehmite dehydroxylation, transitional theta-Al2O3 formation, crystal nucleation and alpha-Al2O3 formation, and growth of alpha-Al2O3 crystals. The DTF experimental results indicated that the growth of alpha-Al2O3 crystals has a significant impact on PM emissions. Understanding the mineral transformation mechanism is therefore helpful in reducing PM emissions. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.