In this study, a mediator-less microbial fuel cell (MFC) inoculated with a sulfate-reducing bacterium (SBR), Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, was equipped with bare and surface-treated graphite felt electrodes. Electrochemical treatment of the anode surface facilitated biofilm formation on the electrode, resulting in rapid and enhanced current production. The maximum current density of the treated anode was 233 +/- 24.2 mA/m(2), which was 41% higher than that of the untreated anode. The electron transfer rate also increased from 2.45 +/- 0.04 to 3.0 +/- 0.02 mu mol of electrons/mg of protein.min. Biofilm formation on the treated anode was mainly due to the strong hydrogen or peptide bonds between the amide groups of bacterial materials (including cytochrome c) and carboxyl groups formed on the electrodes. These results provide useful information on direct electron transfer by SRB in a mediator-less MFC through cytochrome c and the effects of the electrochemical treatment of electrodes on MFC performance. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.