A flexible photoanode was prepared for a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC), using a titanium (Ti) foil as the substrate, titanium oxide nanotubes (TNTs) as the underlayer, and TiO2 nanoparticles (TNPs) as the overlayer; the TNTs were intended to provide one-dimensional (1-D) electron transfer paths at the interface of the Ti foil and the TNPs. The Ti foil was subjected to anodization at a constant applied potential to obtain the TNTs. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images show a steady increase in the diameters of the TNTs with the increase of the anodization potential from 20 to 50V. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicate anatase (1 0 1) crystal plane for all the TNTs. The DSSCs with the TNTs as the underlayer show higher short-circuit current density (j(SC)) and higher light-to-electricity conversion efficiency (eta), compared to those of a DSSC without TNTs. An efficiency of 6.68% was achieved for the DSSC with TNTs as the underlayer, which is 20.4% higher than that obtained for a cell with only a film of TNPs. This efficiency is also one of the best for a back-illuminated DSSC with Ti foil as the substrate. Charge transfer resistances of the cells were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Laser-induced photo-potential transient and photo-current transient techniques were respectively used to calculate the electron lifetime and electron diffusion coefficient in Ti/TNTs/TNPs films. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.