A multidisciplinary approach was used to study the reason behind the deterioration of four stucco panels that decorate the vault of Room VI in the Galleria Borghese in Rome. During the last nine years the panels were subjected twice to restoration because some cracks, which appeared over the surface of the reliefs jeopardizing the integrity of the gladiators. Since the deterioration continued diagnostic investigations of the components of the stucco panels were performed to analyze both the elements and compounds, and the mineralogical structure. A microclimate study was conducted to assess the impact of the indoor environment on the panels. Measurements and statistical analysis of the data were performed in accordance with the European Standards EN 15757:2010, EN 15758:2010, and EN 16242:2012. It was concluded that the deterioration is related to high temperatures in a dry environment exacerbated by artificial lighting with incandescent lamps, located in the proximity of the panels and continuously on for 12 h daily. The body heat released by numerous visitors on a daily basis is an additional problem which should not be overlooked. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.