Geothermal energy is mostly utilised in direct applications in Turkey. The equivalent of 61,000 residences are currently heated by geothermal fluids. A total of 665 MWt is utilised for space heating of residential, public and private property, and 565,000 m(2) of greenhouses. Geothermal fluids are also used in 195 spas (327 MWt), bringing the total direct use capacity to 992 MWt. ORME Geothermal Inc. has completed the engineering design of a geothermal district heating system that serves the equivalent of nearly 300,000 residences. A total of 170 geothermal fields have been explored so far in Turkey. At Kizildere a single-flash power plant with 20.4 MWe installed capacity is integrated with a factory producing liquid CO2 and dry-ice. A binary cycle power plant with an installed capacity of 25 MWe will be constructed shortly at Aydin/Germencik. The proven geothermal heat capacity, according to data from existing geothermal wells and natural discharges, is 3132 MWt (I. Akkus, MTA General Directorate, oral communication, January 2003). (C) 2003 CNR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.