Nanotechnology has recently generated a lot of attention and high expectations not only in the academic community but also among investors, scientists and researchers in both government and industry sectors. Its unique capability to fabricate new structures at the atomic scale has already produced novel materials and devices with great potential applications in a wide number of fields. Up to now, the electrodes in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) have generally been based on the porous carbon gas diffusion electrodes that are employed in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Typically, the structure of such electrodes is comprised of a catalyst layer and a diffusion layer, the latter being carbon cloth or carbon paper. It is a challenge to develop an electrode with high surface area, good electrical conductivity and suitable porosity to allow good reactant flux and high stability in the fuel cell environment. This paper presents an overview of electrode structure in general and recent material developments, with particular attention paid to the application of nanotechnology in DMFCs. (C) 2010 Professor T. Nejat Veziroglu. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.