Photosynthetic bacteria have been extensively investigated for biohydrogen production due to their high intrinsic substrate conversion efficiency. Many studies have examined different aspects of photo fermentative hydrogen production using various volatile organic fatty acids under nitrogen limited conditions, and in some cases nearly stoichiometric hydrogen yields have been obtained. In addition, there has been great interest in using photosynthetic bacteria to increase the yields of dark fermentation of glucose through either two stage or co-culture approaches. Although these processes can achieve yields of about 7 mol of H-2 per mole of glucose, there have many drawbacks. Thus, we have begun the systematic investigation of a simple one stage system for the conversion of glucose to hydrogen through photofermentation by Rhodobacter capsulatus. Yields of about 3 mol of H-2 per moles of glucose have been obtained, which represents a yield of 25% yield. Thus improvement is needed and can be sought through a variety of means, including, process optimization and gene inactivation. These approaches could allow the development of a single stage process for the complete stoichiometric conversion of glucose, or glucose containing wastes, to hydrogen with a minimal lag phase and relative insensitivity to inhibition by fixed nitrogen. This would present an attractive simple alternative to either two stage or co-culture fermentations for the complete conversion of carbohydrate substrates to hydrogen. Copyright (C) 2011, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.