biased Referencing for the XPS Analysis of Polymers

Chin IJ; Kim DS; Moon DW; Ki KJ

Korea Polymer Journal, Vol.2, No.1, 66-70, April, 1994

Biased referencing, which involves the combination of gold decoration and electron charge neutralization by an electron flood gun, was investigated for the XPS analysis of nonconducting polymers. Biased referencing provide calibration of sample core level ionizations to the Fermi level of Au 4f_7/2 set at a conductive value of 84.0 eV. Reproducible high resolution spectra of various polymer were obtained and the measured binding energies were compared with the literature values.

[References]

Briggs D, Pactical Surface Analysis, edited by D. Briggs and M.P. Seah, Wiley, Chichester, Chap. 9 (1983)
Ebel MF, Ebel H, J. Electron. Spectros. Relat. Phenom., 3, 169 (1974)
Swift P, Surf. Interface Anal., 4, 47 (1982)
Ginnard CR, Riggs HM, Anal. Chem., 46, 1306 (1974)
Wagner CD, Six HA, Jansen WT, Tayler JA, Appl. Surf. Sci., 9, 263 (1981)
Urch DS, Webber M, J. Electron. Spectros. Relat. Phenom., 5, 791 (1974)
Huchital DA, McKeon RT, Appl. Phys. Lett., 20, 158 (1972)
Barr TL, Practical Surface Analysis by Auger and X-ray Photoelectron Spectrocopy, edited by D. Briggs and M.P. Seah, Wiley, chichester, Chap. 8 (1983)
Stephenson DA, Binkowski NJ, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 22, 399 (1976)
Tasker GW, Ph.D. Thesis, MIT, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, May (1987)
Landis WJ, Martin JR, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 2(2), 1108 (1984)
Mullins WM, Averbach BL, Surf. Sci., 206, 29 (1988)
Edgell MJ, Baer DR, Castle JE, Appl. Surf. Sci., 26, 129 (1986)
Wagner CD, Applied Surface Analysis, ASTM Special Technical Publication, 699, edited by T.L. Barr and L.E. Davis, ASTM, Philadelphia, pp. 137-147 (1980)
Sze SM, Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 2nd ed., Wiley Interscience, New York, pp. 245-254 (1981)
Wagner CD, J. Electron. Spectros. Relat. Phenom., 18, 345 (1980)
Lewis RT, Kelly MA, J. Electron. Spectros. Relat. Phenom., 20, 105 (1980)
Clark DT, Thomas HR, J. Polym. Sci. A: Polym. Chem., 16, 1461 (1978)
Kim DS, M.S. Thesis, Inha University, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Feb. (1993)
Swift P, Shuttleworth D, Seah MP, Practical Surface Analysis, edited by D. Briggs and M.P. Seah, Wiley, Chichester, Appendix 2 (1983)
Clark DT, Feast WJ, Kilcast D, Musgrave WKR, J. Polym. Sci. A: Polym. Chem., 11, 389 (1973)
Clark DT, Advances in Polymer Friction and Wear, Vol. 5A, edited by L.H. Lee, Plenum Press, New York (1975)

[1] Briggs D, Pactical Surface Analysis, edited by D. Briggs and M.P. Seah, Wiley, Chichester, Chap. 9 (1983)

[2] Ebel MF, Ebel H, J. Electron. Spectros. Relat. Phenom., 3, 169 (1974)

[3] Swift P, Surf. Interface Anal., 4, 47 (1982)

[4] Ginnard CR, Riggs HM, Anal. Chem., 46, 1306 (1974)

[5] Wagner CD, Six HA, Jansen WT, Tayler JA, Appl. Surf. Sci., 9, 263 (1981)

[6] Urch DS, Webber M, J. Electron. Spectros. Relat. Phenom., 5, 791 (1974)

[7] Huchital DA, McKeon RT, Appl. Phys. Lett., 20, 158 (1972)

[8] Barr TL, Practical Surface Analysis by Auger and X-ray Photoelectron Spectrocopy, edited by D. Briggs and M.P. Seah, Wiley, chichester, Chap. 8 (1983)

[9] Stephenson DA, Binkowski NJ, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 22, 399 (1976)

[10] Tasker GW, Ph.D. Thesis, MIT, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, May (1987)

[11] Landis WJ, Martin JR, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 2(2), 1108 (1984)

[12] Mullins WM, Averbach BL, Surf. Sci., 206, 29 (1988)

[13] Edgell MJ, Baer DR, Castle JE, Appl. Surf. Sci., 26, 129 (1986)

[14] Wagner CD, Applied Surface Analysis, ASTM Special Technical Publication, 699, edited by T.L. Barr and L.E. Davis, ASTM, Philadelphia, pp. 137-147 (1980)

[15] Sze SM, Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 2nd ed., Wiley Interscience, New York, pp. 245-254 (1981)

[16] Wagner CD, J. Electron. Spectros. Relat. Phenom., 18, 345 (1980)

[17] Lewis RT, Kelly MA, J. Electron. Spectros. Relat. Phenom., 20, 105 (1980)

[18] Clark DT, Thomas HR, J. Polym. Sci. A: Polym. Chem., 16, 1461 (1978)

[19] Kim DS, M.S. Thesis, Inha University, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Feb. (1993)

[20] Swift P, Shuttleworth D, Seah MP, Practical Surface Analysis, edited by D. Briggs and M.P. Seah, Wiley, Chichester, Appendix 2 (1983)

[21] Clark DT, Feast WJ, Kilcast D, Musgrave WKR, J. Polym. Sci. A: Polym. Chem., 11, 389 (1973)

[22] Clark DT, Advances in Polymer Friction and Wear, Vol. 5A, edited by L.H. Lee, Plenum Press, New York (1975)