Capture and loss of valence electrons during low-energy (50-500 eV) proton scattering from some alkali-halide surfaces such as LiCl, NaCl, and KF have been investigated in comparison with those from the TiO2 (110) and Cs-adsorbed Si(100) surfaces. The primary H+ ion survives neutralization when scattered from the highly ionized target species existing on the surface. For H-ion formation, a close atomic encounter with individual target ions is found to be important; the H- ion is formed more efficiently on the cationic site than on the anionic site despite the fact that the valence electron is spacially localized on the latter. This is because the charge state of scattered hydrogen is determined during a transient chemisorption state and amphoteric hydrogen tends to be coordinated negatively (positively) on the cationic site (the anionic site). The final charge state of scattered hydrogen is fixed at a certain bond-breaking distance (similar to 5.0 a.u.) from the surface where the well-defined atomic orbital of hydrogen evolves. The competing nonlocal resonance tunneling is suppressed at the ionic-compound surfaces due to the existence of a large band gap, so that hydrogen is scattered without losing the memory of such a transient chemisorption state.