Visible/near-infrared spectroscopy has been evaluated for use in freshness prediction and frozen-thawed classification of farmed Atlantic salmon fillets, where fresh samples were stored as whole fish in ice. A handheld interactance probe for performing rapid measurements of single fillets and an imaging spectrometer for online analysis at an industrial speed of one fillet per second, have been used. Freshness as storage days in ice is predicted with an accuracy of 2.4 days for individual fillets, whereas frozen-thawed salmon fillets are completely separated from fresh fillets. The prediction results are comparable to previous results using the Quality Index Method with trained panelists. The region between 605 and 735 nm, which excludes interference by carotenoids and water, is appropriate for both frozen-thawed classification and freshness prediction of salmon fillets. The results indicate that the spectral changes are explained mainly by oxidation of heme proteins during the freeze-thaw cycle and during chilled storage in ice. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.