Using carbon cloth as electrodes, a novel concept of a membrane-carbon cloth assembly for submerged membrane bioreactors that suppresses fouling was successfully demonstrated in this study. The carbon cloth in the assembly was used as the anode, and the assembly was placed between two additional carbon cloths, which were used as the cathode. In such a configuration, it was demonstrated with a DC power supply that membrane fouling was suppressed by applying an electric field continuously, and even intermittently. The fouling-suppression performance was found to relate closely with the intensity of the electric field; a stronger electric field better recovers the filtrate flux. This is because a stronger electric force acts on and removes the foulant substances on the membrane surface when a stronger electric field is applied. Furthermore, it was found that the flux changed periodically with time and had the same periodicity as that of the on-off cycle of the intermittent electric field. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.