A farm-scale biogas plant loaded with untreated rice straw and co-digested with raw pig wastewater was operated and monitored during a complete digestion cycle. One active anaerobic digester cell (6600 m(3)) containing 727 tons of rice straw, 285 tons of pig wastewater and approximately 1300 tons of water was operated for a total of 422 days. Cumulative energy production of 295 MWh and an estimated specific methane yield of 181 LCH4/kgVS added was achieved. A direct correlation between daily power production and digester temperature was observed, with a maximum power production of 2.74 MWh/d. Mesophilic conditions were reached inside the digester during the summer months by recovering waste heat from the engine and recycling it through the leachate recirculation process. A slow start-up period of approximately 200 days was observed, but increased leachate recirculation rates (from 0.04 to >0.14 m(3)/m(3)straw-d) resulted in increased gas production that initiated the microbial growth phase in the digestion cycle. Although sufficient buffering capacity as well as macro- and micronutrients were supplied to the system by the pig wastewater, an overall straw (dry wt.) to wastewater ratio (wet wt.) of 1 to 1.4 is recommended to improve gas production and decrease the acclimation period. A raw economic assessment of the system shows an investment recovery time of 8.3 years. Improvements such as continuous leachate recirculation, a more efficient heat exchange system to maintain mesophilic conditions year round, and periodic addition of fresh wastewater and sludge acclimated to lignocellulosic material are recommended to achieve a more sustainable and profitable system. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.