This paper presents the results of investigating the effect of carbon nanofiber or halloysite intercalated with a base on the thermal, mechanical properties and flammability of NBR rubber cross-linked with an organic peroxide or sulfur. Based on the findings obtained by means of thermal analysis (DTA, TG, DTG and DSC), oxygen index and cone calorimeter, it has been found that the nanofillers used clearly increase the thermal stability and decrease the flammability and fire hazard of the elastomers investigated regardless of the method of elastomer cross-linking. The mechanical properties of the polymeric materials obtained depend on the content and type of the nanofiller used. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.