As baby boomers age, diabetes mellitus, cancer, osteoarthritis, cardiovascular diseases, and orthopedic disorders are more widespread and the demand for better biomedical devices and functional biomaterials is increasing rapidly. Owing to the good biocompatibility, chemical stability, catalytic efficiency, plasticity, mechanical properties, as well as strength-to-weight ratio, titanium dioxide (TiO2) based nanostructured materials are playing important roles in tissue reconstruction and diagnosis of these diseases. Here, recent advance in the research of nanostructured TiO2 based biomaterials pertaining to bone tissue engineering, intravascular stents, drug delivery systems, and biosensors is described.