This work reports, for the first time, a new approach to direct phosphorus recovery from municipal wastewater via an osmotic membrane bioreactor (OMBR). In the OMBR, organic matter and NH4+ were removed by biological activities. PO43 , Ca2+, Mg2+ and unconverted NH4+ were rejected by the forward osmosis (FO) membrane and enriched within the bioreactor. The resultant phosphorus-rich supernatant was then used for phosphorus recovery. By adjusting the pH to 8.0-9.5, PO43 was recovered via precipitation with Ca2+, Mg2+ and NH4+. The OMBR showed up to 98% overall removal of TOC and NH4+-N. At pH 9.0, more than 95% PO43 -P was recovered without addition of magnesium and calcium. The precipitates were predominantly amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) with phosphorus content > 11.0%. In principal, this process can recover almost all the phosphorus, apart from the portion assimilated by bacteria. The global phosphorus recovery efficiency was shown to be 50% over 84 days. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.