Chemical Engineering Science, Vol.126, 641-659, 2015
Evaporation maps for non-ideal ternary mixtures
Evaporation maps are a convenient way of representing the dynamic composition of evaporating liquid mixtures. Specifically, these maps represent the residual composition of evaporating ternary non ideal mixtures over the full range of composition, and are analogous to the commonly used residue curve maps of simple distillation processes. The evaporation process considered here involves gas phase limited evaporation from a liquid or wetted-solid surface, over which a gas flows at known conditions. Evaporation may occur into a pure inert gas, or into one pre-loaded with a known fraction of one or more of the ternary components. The model developed here uses an exact solution to the Maxwell-Stefan equations for mass transfer in the gas film, with a lumped approach applied to the liquid phase. Solutions to the evaporation model Lake the form of trajectories in temperature composition space, which are then projected onto a ternary diagram to form the map. Efficient Newton based methods are used to calculate the composition and temperature of pseudo-azeofropes in the mixture, and to calculate the wet bulb temperature at a given composition. A numerical continuation method is used for tracking the bifurcations which occur in the evaporation maps, where the composition of one component of the pre-loaded gas is the bifurcation parameter. The bifurcation diagrams can in principle be used to determine the required gas composition to produce a specific terminal pseudo-azeotrope composition. Provided the gas-phase limited assumption applies, such analysis is applicable to applications such as drying of solvent-based coatings and tray-drying of granulated pharmaceutical products. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved,