The low grade heat utilization is not only an inevitable option to solve the energy and environment problems, but also a critical issue for many remote power applications and planetary explorations. In this study, a novel design called a heat engine aerobot which can convert planetary atmospheric energy to electricity is proposed and analysed. A dynamic theoretical model is established and some key issues, such as the thermodynamic performance and conversion efficiency are analysed. It shows that the heat engine aerobot is capable to convert the low grade atmospheric energy to electricity during its self-sustained vertical oscillation movement. Parametric analysis shows that some design parameters, such as the nozzle number, the nozzle outlet diameter, the initial liquid mass and the turbine start height may have significant influence on the energy generation performance. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.