Double refractory gold ores, such as Barrick's Goldstrike ore, contain both pyrite and carbonaceous matter and the latter results in the loss of gold from solution during cyanide leaching. One possible remedy is to roast the ore and thus oxidize the pyrite and remove the organic carbon. In this research, microwave roasting of a double refractory gold ore was investigated as an alternative method and the results were compared to those obtained by conventional roasting. The compositional changes of the ore during roasting were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Also, both the real and the imaginary pgrmittivities, which determine the amount of energy absorbed by the ore and the heating rate of the ore respectively, were evaluated. In addition, the microwave heating behaviour was studied. Conventional and both direct and indirect microwave roasting tests were performed and in all the cases, the pyrite was readily converted into hematite. Direct microwave roasting could not remove the organic carbon. Indirect microwave roasting was conducted using magnetite as a susceptor and preg-robbing was eliminated when about 94% of the organic carbon was removed. For both conventional and indirect microwave roasting, gold recoveries of over about 98% were achieved after cyanide leaching. For microwave roasting, both the total carbon removal rates and the heating rates were higher and the specific energy consumptions were lower than the corresponding values for conventional roasting. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.