In acidic biological and chemical leaching processes for base metal recovery, iron is dissolved in addition to the desired metal values. Prior to valuable metal extraction iron has to be removed. This is usually achieved through hydroxide precipitation of ferric iron by the addition of lime or limestone to a (P)H of approximately 3 whereby ferric hydroxide is formed. The aim of this work has been to investigate the possibility to substitute lime or limestone with oxidic industrial by-products for neutralisation and precipitation of iron from leaching solutions. The neutralisation potential for 10 selected oxidic by-products like slags, ashes and dusts were examined and compared with slaked lime. Experiments were performed by decreasing PH to 3 by additions of H(2)SO(4) to slurry of respective by-product at an S/L ratio of 1/10 at 25 degrees C and continued till no changes in PH were observed during 10 days. Original samples, residues and solutions were analysed by ICP-MS and XRD in order to identify potential harmful elements for the subsequent metal recovery steps. Characterisation of the by-products revealed high concentrations of oxides such as lime, calcite and metal oxides as well as different forms of silicates in the materials which all dissolved at (P)H 3. The neutralising potential was found to be high for most of the by-products investigated and in the case of Ladle slag it was even higher than for slaked lime. Slags generally had higher neutralisation potential and long-term effects while the ashes had high initial reactivity which is important for continuous neutralisation in stirred tanks with limited retention times. The most reactive materials were Bioash and Mesa lime which both contained considerable amounts of calcite. Replacement of the conventional lime and limestone with oxidic by-products for neutralisation of acidic leaching solutions has the potential to save costs, environmental resources, reduce CO(2) emissions and to recycle metal values like zinc contained in the by-products. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.