We present ITO-free rigid and flexible monolithic organic solar cells with an active area of 25 cm2. The devices employ a transparent insulator/metal/insulator anode consisting of a molybdenum oxide/silver/ zinc sulfide stack that had a peak transmittance of 80% and a sheet resistance of 3.6 52/0. Neutron reflectometry showed that zinc sulfide formed a more stable capping layer at the air interface than molybdenum oxide. It was found that blade coating could be used to form good quality large area films on both rigid (glass) and flexible Epoly(ethylene terephthalate)I substrates with much reduced material consumption. Cells with an active layer comprised of a blend of poly[N-9"-heptadecany1-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole)] (PCDTBT) and 16,61-phenyl-C-71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM) gave a power conversion efficiency of 2.7%, which was 40% higher than a standard ITObased device. No loss in efficiency was observed when a flexible substrate was used. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.