Three-dimensional ZnMn2O4/porous carbon framework (3D ZnMn2O4/PCF) was prepared from petroleum asphalt via template synthesis of 3D porous carbon framework (PCF) and subsequent incorporation with ZnMn2O4. As the anode material of lithium-ion batteries, 3D ZnMn2O4/PCF exhibits a high reversible capacity of 760 mAhg(-1) at 100 mAg(-1) and superior rate capability (ca. 500 mAhg(-1) at 800 mAg(-1)), which can be ascribed to the superior electrical conductivity of carbon framework and its dimensional confinement on ZnMn2O4 nanoparticles. 3D ZnMn2O4/PCF with ZnMn2O4 nanoparticles well dispersed and firmly anchored on the inner wall of PCF can stably exist during the insertion and desertion of Li ions, ensuring the high rate and long lifespan performances. The present study demonstrates an effective and scalable strategy to solve the long-term cycling difficulty for metal oxide electrodes and help us to understand the roles of dimensional confinement involved in electrodes. Meanwhile, the present study makes it possible to fulfill the high-valued application of petroleum asphalt and other kinds of heavy oil. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.