Conducting polymers (CPs) have been widely applied as electrocatalysts and photocatalysts in energy-related systems, sensors, and environmental protection. This is mainly due to their promising catalytic activities, high conductivities, and unique electrochemical and optical properties. Furthermore, CPs can be cheaply and conveniently prepared in large scale via chemical or electrochemical approaches. In this Perspective, we review the recent advancements on the synthesis and applications of CP-based inherent and composite catalysts and CP-derived heteroatom-doped carbon catalysts. The mechanisms of catalysis will be introduced, and the challenges of developing CP-based catalysts with practical importance will be discussed.