Nanostructured carbonaceous materials are extremely important in the nano field, yet developing simple, mild, and "green" methods that can make such materials possess large surface area and rich functional groups on their surfaces still remains a considerable challenge. Herein, a one-pot and environment-friendly method, i.e., thermal treatment (180 degrees C; 18 h) of water mixed with glucose and chitosan (CTS), has been proposed. The resultant carbonaceous nanomaterials were characterized by field emitting scanning electron microscope, N-2 adsorption/desorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and zeta-potential analysis. It was found that, in contrast to the conventional hydrothermally carbonized product from pure glucose, with low surface area (93 m(2) g(-1)) and pore volume (0.016 cm(3) g(-1)), the CTS-added carbonaceous products showed satisfactory textural parameters (surface area and pore volume up to 254 m(2) g(-1) and 0.701 cm(3) g(-1), respectively). Moreover, it was also interestingly found that these CTS-added carbonaceous products possessed both acidic (-COOH) and basic (-NH2) groups on their surfaces. Taking the advantages of large surface area and -COOH/-NH2 bifunctional surface, the carbonaceous nanomaterials exhibited excellent performance for adsorptions of cationic compound (i.e., methylene blue) at pH 10 and anionic compound (i.e., acid red 18) at pH 2, respectively. This work not only provides a simple and green route to prepare acid/base bifunctional carbonaceous nanomaterials with large surface area but also well demonstrates their potential for application in adsorption. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.