Recently, there have been considerable progresses in the development of membrane materials for various purposes, which in turn has increased the demand for new membranes with modified characteristics. One of the most versatile and effective modification approaches is the incorporation of metal oxide particles to enhance the performance of the membranes. Titanium oxide (TiO2) is one of the most practical nanoparticles which offer a promising platform for different applications, e.g. high performance catalysis, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis systems. In fact, TiO2 plays an important role in performance development of membranes. This review comprehensively discusses TiO2 and its application in various aspects of membranes and membrane engineering processes. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.