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Catalysis Letters, Vol.146, No.7, 1163-1168, 2016
Polymer- and Carbon Nanotube-Supported Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Synthesis of Carbamates from Halides, Amines, and CO2
A series of tetraalkylammonium catalysts immobilized on polystyrene or carbon nanotubes were investigated in a reaction between alkyl halides, amines, and CO2. The yield of carbamates was up to 85 % at 100 A degrees C and 1 MPa of CO2 after 3 h (first stage 25 A degrees C, 1 h) in the presence of Cs2CO3 and DMF as a solvent. The best results were achieved in the case of large ammonium substituents (C-4 and C-6) in the catalyst, benzyl amine, and benzyl chloride as reagents. The catalysts retained their activity after at least five cycles when carefully dried between cycles. Both polymer and carbon nanotube supports were equally effective, but the latter were less prone to deactivation.