The potential for using Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) generators as an alternative for recovering energy losses in steel production industry is assessed. A mathematical model for the assessment of the performance of TPV application in the iron and steel industry has been developed. In order to support the mathematical model, a sample TPV apparatus in laboratory scale based on an IR emitter has been designed and assembled. The key modeling parameters of TPV generator include: the open circuit voltage, the short circuit current density and fill factor of the TPV cell. These parameters have been considered in the model as functions of several variables such as: the emitter (hot steel slab) temperature, the cell temperature, the distance between the cells and emitter, the spectral response and the cell energy gap. The External Quantum Efficiency (EQE) as an important indicator of the cell's spectral response is included in the model. Moreover, the variation of the emitter temperature has been considered. Several tests have been carried out for different values of the cell-emitter gap. It has been found that when the GaSb cells are used for energy recovery, a minimum temperature of 873 degrees C is required. The upper limit of the emitter temperature is usually determined in steel production process associated with hot rolling process which has a temperature around 1250 degrees C. Finally, the total efficiency of the system was obtained to 4.12%, when GaSb cell with temperature of 27 degrees C and slab emitters with temperature of 1257 degrees C are used. The results of the simulation of the model in a casting process at the Mobarakeh Steel Complex have shown a potential of energy recovery of 26.987 MJ per year. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.