Direct carbon fuel cells offer the opportunity of generating energy from coal at high efficiency as an alternative to the procedure of conventional power plants. In this study, raw anthracite coal and raw bituminous coal were investigated in a hybrid direct carbon fuel cell (HDCFC), which was a combination of a solid oxide fuel cell and a molten carbonate fuel cell. Mechanical mixing was confirmed to be an efficient method of mixing coal with carbonate. The coal samples had different properties, for example, carbon content, hydrogen content, volatile matter and impurities. The results showed that the maximum power density obtained by the cell with anthracite coal was similar to that obtained by the cell with bituminous coal. It was found that the total power output from coal in HDCFCs mostly depended on the carbon content, while volatile matter, hydrogen content, moisture, etc. had an effect on the short-term durability. HDCFCs were kept operating for more than 120 h with 1.6 g coal. This study demonstrates that energy can be generated efficiently by employing anthracite and bituminous coal in hybrid direct carbon fuel cells. (C) 2016 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.