Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol.121, No.9, 2039-2048, 2017
Conformational Changes Spanning Angstroms to Nanometers via a Combined Protein-Induced Fluorescence Enhancement-Forster Resonance Energy Transfer Method
Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) based single-molecule techniques have revolutionized our understanding of conformational dynamics in biomolecular systems. Recently, a new single-molecule technique based on protein-induced fluorescence enhancement (PIPE) has aided studies in which minimal (<3 nm) displacements occur. Concerns have been raised regarding whether donor fluorophore intensity (and correspondingly fluorescence quantum yield Of) fluctuations, intrinsic to PIFE methods, may adversely affect FRET studies when retrieving the donor acceptor dye distance. Here, we initially show through revisions of Forster's original equation that distances may be calculated in FRET experiments regardless of protein-induced intensity (and Of) fluctuations occurring in the donor fluorophore. We additionally demonstrate by an analysis of the recorded emission intensity and competing decay pathways that PIFE and FRET methods may be conveniently combined, providing parallel complementary information in a single experiment. Single-molecule studies conducted with Cy3-and ATT0647N-labeled RNA structures and the HCV-NSSB polymerase protein undergoing binding dynamics along the RNA backbone provide a case study to validate the results. The analysis behind the proposed method enables for PIFE and FRET changes to be disentangled when both FRET and PIFE fluctuate over time following protein arrival and, for example, sliding. A new method, intensity-FRET, is thus proposed to monitor conformational changes spanning from angstroms to nanometers.