Photopolymerization in and of lyotropic liquid crystal (LLC) template phases shows great promise for generating nanostructure in organic polymers. Interestingly, the order imposed on the polymerization system in LLCs significantly alters polymerization kinetics. The rate of polymerization of hydrophilic monomers increases with increasing LLC order, primarily due to monomer/polymer association with surfactant and the resulting decrease of growing polymer chain diffusion. Conversely, as LLC order increases, hydrophobic monomers become less segregated as nonpolar volume increases, which decreases polymerization rate. The efficiency of initiators is also dependent on LLC template order, further contributing to polymerization rate changes. When reactive surfactants are used, LLC mesophase, location of reactive group, and aliphatic tail length also affect polymerization kinetics. Overall, these photopolymerization kinetics directly relate to the segregation behavior and local order of reactive groups and thus can be used to probe nanostructure evolution, facilitating understanding and control of ultimate polymer nanostructure. (C) 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.