The hot pressing process for fabricating polymer electrolyte fuel cells membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) has been widely adopted, yet little is known of its effects on the microstructural properties of the different components of the MEA. In particular, the interaction of the electrolyte, electrode and gas diffusion layer (GDL) due to lamination is difficult to probe as conventional imaging techniques cannot access the internal structure of the MEA. Here, a novel approach is used, which combines characterisation of hot-pressed membrane electrode assemblies using X-ray computed tomography, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and atomic force microscopy, with electrochemical performance measurements from polarisation curves and high-frequency impedance spectroscopy. Membrane electrode assemblies hot pressed at 100 degrees C, 130 degrees C and 170 degrees C reveal significant differences in microstructure, which has a consequence for the performance. When hot pressed at 100 degrees C, which is lower than the glass transition temperature of Nafion (123 degrees C), the catalyst only partially bonds with the Nafion membrane, leading to increased Ohmic resistance. At 170 degrees C, the Nafion membrane intrudes into the electrode, forming pinholes, degrading the catalyst layer and filling pores in the GDL. Finally, at 130 degrees C, the interfacial contact is optimum, with similar roughness factor between the catalyst and Nafion membrane surface, indicating effective lamination of layers. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.