The microstructure and rheological properties of colloidal suspensions depend on particle size and shape. This work aims to further control the size, shape, and polydispersity of anisotropic silica colloids, to reduce particle size, and to provide additional mechanistic insights on a prevalent, water-in-oil emulsion synthesis method. Key findings show that the dimensions of anisotropic silica particles can be systematically varied by approximately fivefold, with a limiting minimum particle size (D approximate to 60 nm, L approximate to 300 nm) obtained from emulsions with excess polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and sodium citrate. The synthesis conditions are identified and discussed for which the emulsion composition, temperature, sonication, polymer entanglements, mixing, and other perturbations may induce or mitigate emulsion instabilities, citrate precipitation, a competing mechanism of templated growth, termination of anisotropic growth, irregular silica structures, and fiber formation. An improved mechanistic understanding will expand the roadmap for rational design and synthetic control of anisotropic colloids using sol-gel silica chemistry confined within water-in-oil emulsions. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.