An earth-abundant and low cost bituminous coal was used as precursor to prepare synthetic graphite materials through preliminary carbonization coupled with further high temperature graphitization treatment at 2000-2800 degrees C. The microstructure characteristics of the obtained synthetic graphite materials were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, Raman spectroscopy and nitrogen adsorption-desorption. The results show that the microstructures of synthetic graphite materials are strongly dependent on the graphitization temperature. The synthetic graphite graphitized at 2800 degrees C has perfect ordered layered structure with high graphitization degree and relatively large surface area with well-developed mesopores, which offers a favorable pathway for the electrochemical intercalation-deintercalation of lithium ions in carbon matrix. Such synthetic graphite applied as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries presents a maximum reversible capacity of 310.3 mAh.g(-1) at current rate of 0.1C and still remains as high as 143.9 mAh.g(-1) at current rate of 5C. Moreover, the synthetic graphite also exhibits superior rate capability and outstanding cycling performance with over 95.3% initial capacity retention after 100 cycles. This study demonstrates a promising feasibility for large-scale production of synthetic graphite materials from bituminous coal for high performance lithium-ion batteries.