Purification of the C-8 alkylaromatics o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, and ethylbenzene remains among the most challenging industrial separations, due to the similar shapes, boiling points, and polarities of these molecules. Herein, we report the evaluation of the metal-organic frameworks Co-2(dobdc) (dobdc(4-) = 2,5-dioxido-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate) and Co-2(m-dobdc) (m-dobdc(4-) = 4,6-dioxido-1,3-benzenedicarboxylate) for the separation of xylene isomers using single-component adsorption isotherms and multicomponent breakthrough measurements. Remarkably, Co-2(dobdc) distinguishes among all four molecules, with binding affinities that follow the trend o-xylene > ethylbenzene > m-xylene > p-xylene. Multicomponent liquid-phase adsorption measurements further demonstrate that Co-2(dobdc) maintains this selectivity over a wide range of concentrations. Structural characterization by single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that both frameworks facilitate the separation through the extent of interaction between each C-8 guest molecule with two adjacent cobalt(II) centers, as well as the ability of each isomer to pack within the framework pores. Moreover, counter to the presumed rigidity of the M-2(dobdc) structure, Co-2(dobdc) exhibits an unexpected structural distortion in the presence of either o-xylene or ethylbenzene that enables the accommodation of additional guest molecules.