Energy & Fuels, Vol.32, No.4, 4724-4731, 2018
Downhole Kinetics of Reactions Involving Alcohol-Based Hydraulic Fracturing Additives with Implications in Delayed H2S Production
Horizontal drilling in combination with hydraulic fracturing has dramatically changed the energy landscape as it allows for the more efficient extraction of natural gas from less accessible reservoirs. An issue being explored in greater detail is the increase of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and mercaptan (CxHy-SH) content during the early production from hot shale gas reservoirs (T > 100 degrees C). Hydraulic fracturing technologies rely on the use of chemical additives for modifying the physical and chemical properties of fracturing fluids to drag proppant into the reservoir. Under downhole conditions, native H2S or metal sulfides can be partially oxidized by dissolved oxygen or other aqueous species, thus producing elemental sulfur. Over time, this elemental sulfur can slowly oxidize the chemical additives, thus regenerating H2S and other organosulfur species. In this work, we focus on the reaction kinetics of sulfur and alcohol reaction under downhole conditions. Rates and reactions are presented and discussed as an alternative mechanism for the delayed production of mercaptans and H2S.