The n-pentanol/diesel dual-fuel coupled with EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) technology could simultaneously reduce soot and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions discharged from the compression ignition engine. However, under high EGR rates, the low cetane number of the n-pentanol/diesel dual fuel resulted to combustion deceleration behavior. Because the combustion rate has a significant influence on the thermal efficiency of the engine, it was necessary to add 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (ET-IN) as a cetane improver to fuel mixtures to ensure that the n-pentanol/diesel fuel has appropriate combustion characteristics. In this study, it was attempted to investigate the performance and emission of a four-cylinder, turbocharged diesel engine with EHN fueled with n-pentanol/diesel blends at varying EGR rates. The five tested fuels included pure diesel (P0), and a mixture of 50% n-pentanol and 50% diesel (P50). Moreover, EHN was added to P50 at ratios of 0.5, 1, and 2%. The results showed that P50 could reduce soot emission, nucleation and accumulation mode particles. However, the burning speed and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) were notably reduced, and emissions of hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) significantly increased. With the EGR technology, NOx emission was significantly reduced. When EHN was added to P50, engine ignition delay was shortened, BTE increased, and HC and CO emissions were substantially reduced. The use EGR technology combined with n-pentanol and El-IN simultaneously reduced soot and NOx emissions, and only slightly reduced BTE.