화학공학소재연구정보센터
홈 로그인 로그아웃 연락처 사이트맵
Macromolecular Research, Vol.27, No.2, 126-139, February, 2019
DOI10.1007/s13233-019-7023-6  Export Citation
Polymer Electrolyte from Natural Rubber-Polyacrylic Acid and Polypyrrole and Its Application
Pensiri Silakul1, and Rathanawan Magaraphan1, 2, †
  • 1The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
  • 2Polymer Processing and Polymer Nanomaterials Research Unit, Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
E-mail:
A polymer host was prepared by admicellar polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) monomer coated on natural rubber (NR) to form a core-shell material (PAA-adp-NR). To form a polymer electrolyte, the electrical properties, including ionic conductivity and photovoltaic property, were measured to study the potential for use in the dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). PAA-adp-NR having the highest shell content (62%) showed the maximum ionic conductivity and energy conversion efficiency (η) at 1.86 mS cm-1 and 1.80%, respectively. The crosslinked structure of 62PAA-adp-NR provided η up to 1.99% (AA:N-methylene bisacrylamide (NMBA) at 500:1 mole ratio) and enhanced a long-term material stability. After oxidative polymerization with polypyrrole (PPy) on 62PAA-adp-NR, the conductivity increased up to 2.43 mS cm-1. In the case of crosslinked PAA-adp-NR/PPy, the conductivity and η showed the highest value at 5.48 mS cm-1 (AA:NMBA at 100:1 mole ratio) and 2.38% (AA:NMBA at 500:1 mole ratio), respectively.
Keywords:core-shell polymers;hydrophilic polymers;crosslink;polypyrrole;photochemistry
  1. Gratzel M, J. Photochem. Photobiol. C: Photochem. Rev., 4, 145 (2003)
  2. He JA, Mosurkal R, Samuelson LA, Li L, Kumar J, Langmuir, 19(6), 2169 (2003)
  3. Lee SH, Seo DW, Lim YD, Jeon YT, Joo HH, Lee SY, Lim JS, Kim WG, Macromol. Res., 21(7), 732 (2013)
  4. Chew KW, Ng TC, How ZH, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 8, 6354 (2013)
  5. Lan Z, Wu J, Hao S, Lin J, Huang M, Huang Y, Energy Environ. Sci., 2, 524 (2009)
  6. Yuan SS, Tang QW, He BL, Yang PZ, J. Power Sources, 254, 98 (2014)
  7. Chen KF, Liu CH, Huang HK, Tsai CH, Chen FR, Int. J. Electrochem Sci., 8, 3524 (2013)
  8. Wei D, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 11(3), 1103 (2010)
  9. Kwang MK, Kwang SR, Seong-Gu K, Soon HC, In JC, Macromol. Chem. Phys., 202, 866 (2001)
  10. Park JS, Kim YH, Song M, Kim CH, Karim MA, Lee JW, Gal YS, Kumar P, Kang SW, Jin SH, Macromol. Chem. Phys., 211, 2464 (2010)
  11. Somsongkul V, Saekung C, Thang SH, Wongchaisuwat A, Arunchaiya M, Chiang Mai J. Sci., 38, 223 (2011)
  12. Liu X, Li X, Lu Z, Miao X, Feng Y, J. Polym. Res., 18, 897 (2011)
  13. Wu J, Lan Z, Hao S, Li P, Lin J, Huang M, Fang L, Huang Y, Pure Appl. Chem., 80, 2241 (2008)
  14. Okay O, Durmaz S, Erman B, Macromolecules, 33(13), 4822 (2000)
  15. Lu HL, Shen TFR, Huang ST, Tung YL, Yang TCK, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 95(7), 1624 (2011)
  16. Joseph J, Son KM, Vittal R, Lee W, Kim KJ, Semicond. Sci. Technol., 21, 697 (2006)
  17. Norrman K, Madsen MV, Gevorgyan SA, Krebs FC, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 132, 16883 (2010)
  18. Moudam O, Villarroya-Lidon S, J. Sol. Energ., 2014, 7 (2014)
  19. Ali AMM, Subban RHY, Bahron H, Yahya MZA, Kamisan AS, J. Power Sources, 244, 636 (2013)
  20. Idris R, Glasse MD, Latham GRJ, Linford RG, Schlindwein WS, J. Power Sources, 94(2), 206 (2001)
  21. Bunsomsit K, Magaraphan R, O'Rear EA, Grady BP, Colloid Polym. Sci., 280, 509 (2002)
  22. Baran J, Drozd M, Gavrilko TA, Styopkin VI, Ukr. J. Phys., 59, 303 (2014)
  23. Bi HT, Sui G, Yang XP, J. Power Sources, 267, 309 (2014)
  24. Chen YI, Zhao JI, Li G, He ZD, 2011 Int. Conference on Materials for Renew. Energy Environ., 1, 725 (2011).
  25. Roghanizad F, Rafizadeh M, Ionics, 21, 2789 (2015)
  26. Mohamad AA, J. Power Sources, 329, 57 (2016)
  27. Lan Z, Wu JH, Lin JM, Huang ML, J. Power Sources, 164(2), 921 (2007)
  28. Boonsin R, Sudchanham J, Panusophon N, Sae-Heng P, Sae-Kung C, Pakawatpanurut P, Mater. Chem. Phys., 132(2-3), 993 (2012)
  29. Bella F, Ozzello ED, Bianco S, Bongiovanni R, Chem. Eng. J., 225, 873 (2013)
  30. Katime I, de Apodaca ED, Rodriguez E, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 102(4), 4016 (2006)
  31. Wang Y, Li B, Ji J, Zhong WH, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 247, 452 (2014)
  32. Bajpai AK, Bajpai J, Soni SN, Express Polym. Lett., 2, 26 (2008)
  33. Prabhakar R, Kumar D, Am. J. Polym. Sci. Eng., 2, 1 (2015)
  34. Tang ZY, Wu JH, Li QH, Lan Z, Fan LG, Lin JM, Huang ML, Electrochim. Acta, 55(17), 4883 (2010)
  35. Ferguson J, Al-Alawi S, Granmayeh R, Eur. Polym. J., 19, 475 (1983)
  36. Luo Y, Guo J, Liu Y, Shao Q, Wang C, Chu D, J. Membr. Sci., 423-424, 209 (2012)
  37. Pongpilaipruet A, Magaraphan R, Mater. Chem. Phys., 160, 194 (2015)
  38. Kostic A, Adnadjevic B, Popovic A, Jovanovic J, J. Serb. Chem. Soc., 72, 1139 (2007)
  39. Tang ZY, Liu Q, Tang QW, Wu JH, Wang JL, Chen SH, Cheng CX, Yu HJ, Lan Z, Lin JM, Huang ML, Electrochim. Acta, 58, 52 (2011)
  40. Hauch A, Georg A, Electrochim. Acta, 46(22), 3457 (2001)
  41. Ambreen J , Yang J, Ye X, Siddiq M, Colloid Polym. Sci., 291, 919 (2013)
  42. Chuang CY, Don TM, Chiu WY, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 109(5), 3382 (2008)
  43. Grazadka E, Chibowski S, Physicochem. Probl. Mineral Pro., 43, 31 (2009)
  44. Chibowski S, Grzadka E, Patkowski J, Croat. Chem. Acta, 82, 623 (2009)
  45. Viota JL, de Vicente J, Duran JDG, Delgado A, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 284(2), 527 (2005)
  46. Bhosale PS, Chun J, Berg JC, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 358(1), 123 (2011)
  47. Kongkaew A, Wootthikanokkhan J, ScienceAsia, 25, 35 (1999)
  48. Kirwan LJ, Fawell PD, van Bronswijk W, Langmuir, 19(14), 5802 (2003)
  49. Bennour S, Louzri F, Adv. Chem., 10 (2014).
  50. Zhang D, Zhang Q, Gao X, Piao G, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013, 6 (2013)
  51. Wu JH, Lin JM, Zhou M, Wei CR, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 21(15), 1032 (2000)
  52. Smirnov MA, Bobrova NV, Dmitriev IY, Bukolsek V, Elyashevich GK, Polym. Sci. Ser. A, 53, 67 (2011)
  53. Tang ZY, Wu JH, Liu Q, Zheng M, Tang QW, Lan Z, Lin JM, J. Power Sources, 203, 282 (2012)
  54. Aram E, Ehsani M, Khonakdar HA, Thermochim. Acta, 615, 61 (2015)
  55. Sathiyaraj S, Vanjinathan M, Shanavas A, Amudha S, Suthanthiraraj SA, Nasar AS, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 131, 1 (2014)
  56. Yang CH, Ho WY, Yang HH, Hsueh ML, J. Mater. Chem., 20, 6080 (2010)
  57. Shim HJ, Kim DW, Lee C, Kang Y, Suh DH, Macromol. Res., 16(5), 424 (2008)
  58. Miranda DF, Versek C, Tuominen MT, Russell TP, Watkins JJ, Macromolecules, 46(23), 9313 (2013)
  59. Chien HC, Tsai LD, Lai CM, Lin JN, Zhu CY, Chang FC, J. Power Sources, 226, 87 (2013)
  60. Li Q, Chen X, Tang Q, Xu H, He B, Qin Y, J. Mater. Chem. A, 1, 8055 (2013)
  61. Parvez MK, In I, Park JM, Lee SH, Kim SR, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 95(1), 318 (2011)
  62. Bar N, Basak P, J. Phys. Chem. C, 118, 20807 (2014)
  63. Bandara TMWJ, Fernando HDNS, Furlani M, Albinsson I, Dissanayake MAKL, Ratnasekera JL, Mellander BE, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 18, 10873 (2016)
  64. Nagaraj P, Sasidharan A, David V, Sambandam A, Polymers, 9, 667 (2017)
  65. Won J, Ahn SM, Cho HD, Ryu JY, Ha HY, Kang YS, Macromol. Res., 15(5), 459 (2007)
  66. Dubitsky YA, Becturov EA, Zhubanov BA, Mater. Chem. Phys., 34, 306 (1993)
  67. Chansai P, Sirivat A, Niamlang S, Chotpattananont D, Viravaidya-Pasuwat K, Int. J. Pharm., 381, 25 (2009)
  68. Bari D, Wrachien N, Tagliaferro R, Penna S, Brown TM, Reale A, Di Carlo A, Meneghesso G, Cester A, Microelectron. Reliab., 51, 1762 (2011)
  69. An L, Wang AQ, Chen JM, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 94(5), 1869 (2004)
  70. El-Mohdy HLA, Hegazy ESA, Abd El-Rehim HA, J. Macromol. Sci., Part A, 43, 1051 (2006)
  71. Thijs HML, Becer CR, Guerrero-Sanchez C, Fournier D, Hoogenboom R, Schubert US, J. Mater. Chem., 17, 4864 (2007)