Fuel, Vol.238, 375-384, 2019
The effect of operating parameters on the formation of fuel wall films as a basis for the reduction of engine particulate emissions
The new European Emission Standard Euro 6d will limit the particulate number emissions under real driving conditions for gasoline engines, and meeting these new requirements will be quite challenging for modern direct-injection spark ignition (DISI) engines. In these engines, the source of soot particles are fuel rich zones above fuel films resulting from spray impingement onto the piston and the cylinder wall. To reduce these exhaust emissions, the deposition of fuel wall films must be minimized, or ideally avoided. In order to do this, the formation behaviour of fuel films has to be studied and understood. The present paper aims at providing a broad overview over factors influencing the fuel wall film formation, this paper merges the results of four fuel wall film measurement campaigns. This way it is possible to present the influence of different important parameters on film formation, including ambient pressure and temperature, rail pressure, fuel temperature, nozzle/wall distance and spray impingement angle. To measure the wall film patterns, masses and areas the method of laser-induced fluorescence was applied. The measurements were per-formed using iso-octane, with 3-pentanone dissolved as fluorescence tracer. For the spray generating a high-pressure, six-hole nozzle was used. The acquired results show that with increasing initial fuel temperature, surrounding temperature, rail pres-sure and nozzle/wall distance, the wall film mass decreases. Increasing ambient pressure - up to values re-presentative for turbo- or super charging - was found to increase the film mass. Additionally, flatter impinge-ment angles increase the wall film area but decreases the total fuel film mass. With the results provided in this paper, the effects of several major engine operating parameters on fuel wall film formation are quantified.