Water is polluted by the effluents discharged from various industries and some of the pollutants are acids, dyes, heavy metals and nanoparticles. The polluted water bodies lead to the lack of safe drinking water. Hence an efficient method is required to remove the pollutants from the wastewater. Membrane technology is an emerging technology used for water treatment. Among the various membrane fabrication techniques, electrospinning gained popularity because of its large surface area to volume ratio and high porosity. Many polymeric nanofibre membranes have been prepared by using electrospinning technique. Electrospun nanofibre membranes have been extensively studied for the removal of hazardous pollutants from the wastewater. This review paper tells how the electrospinning works to produce nanofibres from polymeric solution, in what ways these polymeric electrospun nanofibre membranes are modified and by which mechanism the electrospun polymeric nanofibre membranes removes or degrades the pollutants from the water.