This paper is a contribution to the coal geology, coal petrology and end products of coal utilization in Romania. Romanian coals are approached from geological, petrographical and industrial use points of view. This research surveys all Romanian basins yielding terrestrial, coal bearing formations in relation to their stratigraphy, palaeobotany, coal genesis, coal petrography and some industrial utilization, together with historical aspects, most of them Romanian pioneering contributions. Romanian coals range from Late Carboniferous, Early Jurassic, Late Cretaceous, Oligocene, to Miocene and Pliocene in age, from hard coals to lignite with numerous and wide applications in metallurgy and steel industry, chemistry and energy. The paper presents the various aspects of end products of coals utilization by improving coking and semi coking technology and developing non-conventional technologies, coke-oven gas purification, obtaining of special coal-tar pitches and high grade carbon products, coal combustion, activated carbon precursors, coal wastes and combustion products recovery and recycling, other. This paper is a synthesis of extensive ideas, trends and research experiences carried out in Romania in coal geology and carbochemistry.