Acrolein (ACR), glyoxal (GO), methylglyoxal (MGO), hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and malondialdehyde (MDA) are toxic contaminants for humans. This work aimed to investigate whether intake of proteins can mitigate their toxicity. Simulated gastrointestinal digestion of proteins from pork, chicken, milk powder and soy protein isolate eliminated amount of ACR, GO, MGO, HMF, and MDA. Among six amino acids, cysteine showed highest capacity for elimination of these toxic compounds through the formation of adducts; it reached the highest elimination capacity for GO, MGO, ACR, MDA, and HMF in 40 min at pH 2.0, and 20 min at pH 7.0. The formed adducts between cysteine and GO, MGO, or ACR showed much lower toxicity against Caco-2 cells. Incubation of the cells with 8 mM GO and MGO for 48 h decreased the cell viability to 16.1%, 16.9% respectively; while incubation of the same concentration of their adducts still kept the cell viability at 82.2% and 81.6% respectively. Cysteine showed much higher detoxifying capacity for ACR than GO and MGO, which can lower the toxicity of ACR toward Caco-2 cells by 80 times.