Amyloid formation has been implicated in many fatal diseases, but its mechanism remains to be clarified due to a lack of effective methods that can capture the transient intermediates. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy can unambiguously discriminate the intermediates during amyloid formation at the lipid membrane in situ and in real time by combining the chiral amide I and achiral amide II and amide III spectral signals of the protein backbone. Such a combination can directly identify the formation of beta-hairpin-like monomers and beta-sheet oligomers and fibrils. A strong correlation between the amide II signals and the formation of beta-sheet oligomers and fibrils was found. With this approach, the structural evolution of human islet amyloid polypeptides (hIAPP) at negative lipid bilayers was elucidated. It was firmly confirmed that hIAPP populates through beta-sheet conformers without involving a-helical intermediates. The membrane-associated assembly of hIAPP proceeds by assembling with a fi-hairpin-like monomer at the lipid bilayer surface, rather than by inserting the preassembled beta-sheet oligomers in solution. This newly established protocol is ready to be utilized in revealing the mechanism of amyloid aggregation at the lipid membrane.