Controllable synthesis of monodisperse nanocrystals is still a great challenge. In this study, the control strategy of alcohol medium was developed to conveniently synthesize monodisperse anatase-TiO2 nanocrystals with controllable size and shape by sol-gel method combined with solvothermal treatment. The effects of the amount of stearic acid and water, and molecular structure of alcohol on the size, the shape and the dispersity of TiO2 nanocrystals were explored. The optimum synthesis conditions were achieved. Monodisperse TiO2 nanoparticles and nanorods were obtained by using linear and branched alcohols, respectively. The size of nanoparticles decreased from 12 to 5 nm with increasing carbon number of linear alcohol. The aspect ratio of nanorods was adjusted from 1 to 5 by selecting alcohols with different locations of branched methyl group. The as-prepared monodisperse TiO2 nanocrystals could be readily dispersed in some commonly-used solvents to form transparent nanodispersions. Furthermore, a possible formation mechanism was also investigated.